ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 354

BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY

METABOLISM

CATABOLISM

ANABOLISM

SOME IMPORTANT MOLECULES

ACETYL COENZYME A

ADP & ATP

NAD+ & NADH

FAD & FADH2

REACTION ENERGETICS

ONLY REACTIONS WITH A NEGATIVE FREE ENERGY ARE PRODUCT FAVORED

FORMATION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE HAS A POSITIVE FREE ENERGY!!

AN ESTER WAS MADE.

HOW DO WE MAKE ESTERS IN LAB?

  • HIGH TEMPERATURES

  • MORE REACTIVE REAGENT

BIOLOGICALLY, COUPLE THE UNFAVORED REACTION WITH A FAVORED REACTION.

ATP + H2O --> ADP + HPO4+2, DG = -30.5 kJ

GLUCOSE + HPO4+2 --> GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE + H2O, DG = +13.8 kJ

_______________________________________________________________

GLUCOSE + ATP --> GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE + ADP, DG = -16.7 kJ

    ATP DRIVES MANY REACTIONS.

    • WHERE DOES ATP COME FROM?
    • WHAT ARE SOME OF THE REACTIONS?

METABOLISM: THE REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN LIVING ORGANISMS

CATOBOLISM

REACTIONS WHICH BREAK DOWN LARGE MOLECULES INTO SMALLER MOLECULES

A. DIGESTION

  1. HYDROLYSIS OF FAT IN STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

    • GIVES GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

  2. HYDROLYSIS OF STARCH

    • GIVES GLUCOSE

  3. HYDROLYSIS OF PROTEINS

    • GIVES AMINO ACIDS

B. BETA-OXIDATION OF A FATTY ACID

  1. INTRODUCTION OF A DOUBLE BOND

  2. ADDITION OF WATER

  3. ALCOHOL OXIDATION

  4. CHAIN CLEAVAGE TO GIVE ACETYL CoA

C. GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY) OF GLUCOSE

  1. PHOSPHORYLATE GLUCOSE
      (ATP -> ADP)

  2. ISOMERIZE TO FRUCTOSE

  3. PHOSPHORYLATE FRUCTOSE
      (ATP -> ADP)

  4. CLEAVE FRUCTOSE

  5. ISOMERIZE DIHYDROXYACETONE

  6. OXIDIZE GLYCERALDEHYDE

  7. TRANSFER PHOSPHATE
      (ADP -> ATP)

  8. TRANSFER PHOSPHATE

  9. DEHYDRATE

  10. TRANSFER PHOSPHATE
      (ADP -> ATP)

      NET EFFECT (2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2ATP + 2NADH)

     PYRUVATE TO ACETYL CoA

D. CATABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS ALSO GIVES ACETYL CoA.
    EACH AMINO ACID HAS ITS OWN PATHWAY!

E. CITRIC ACID CYCLE

  1. ACETYL CoA ADDS TO OXALOACETATE TO GIVE CITRATE

  2. ISOMERIZATION TO ISOCITRATE

  3. OXIDATION AND LOSS OF CO2 TO GIVE ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE

  4. LOSS OF CO2 TO GIVE SUCCINYL CoA

  5. HYDROLYSIS TO SUCCINATE AND ATP

  6. DEHYDROGENATION (OXIDATION) TO FUMARATE

  7. HYDRATION TO MALATE

  8. OXIDATION TO REGENERATE OXALOACETATE

F. RESPIRATORY CHAIN

    NADH + H+ + (1/2)O2 --> NAD+ + H2O, DG = -52.6

    FADH2 + (1/2)O2 --> FAD + H2O, DG = -43.4

      USE ENERGY TO MAKE MORE ATP!

ANABOLISM

REACTIONS THAT BUILD UP MOLECULES FROM SMALLER MOLECULES

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