ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 354

ALKANES

ALKYL GROUPS

NOMENCLATURE

HEPTANE AND "ISOOCTANE"

Dr. Dave Woodcock has put together a wonderful list of alkane images. However, to view them you must have the CHIME PLUGIN!

ALKANES

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS, ALIPHATICS

LOW BOILING POINTS

INSOLUBLE IN WATER

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

• GENERAL FORMULA: C_nH_2n+2

• CH₄ METHANE

• C₂H₆ ETHANE

• C₃H₈ PROPANE

• C₄H₁₀ BUTANE

• C₅H₁₂ PENTANE

• C₆H₁₄ HEXANE

• C₇H₁₆ HEPTANE

• C₈H₁₈ OCTANE

• C₉H₂₀ NONANE

• C₁₀H₂₂ DECANE

ALKYL GROUPS

11 MILLION COMPOUNDS!

SYSTEMATIC METHOD!

ALKYL GROUPS

• S = SECONDARY: TWO CARBONS ATTACHED TO CARBON IN QUESTION

• T = TERTIARY: THREE CARBONS ATTACHED TO CARBON IN QUESTION

• PRIMARY: ONE CARBON ATTACHED TO CARBON IN QUESTION

• QUATENARY: FOUR CARBONS ATTACHED TO CARBON IN QUESTION

• METHYL: ZERO CARBONS ATTACHED TO CARBON IN QUESTION

CLASSIFY

AN EXAMPLE

IUPAC RULES FOR ALKANE NOMENCLATURE

1. a. FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS AND USE THE NAME OF THAT CHAIN. example

b. IF TWO DIFFERENT CHAINS OF EQUAL LENGTH ARE PRESENT, CHOOSE THE CHAIN WITH THE LARGER NUMBER OF BRANCH POINTS. example

2. a. NUMBER THE ATOMS IN THE LONGEST CHAIN STARTING FROM THE END NEARER THE FIRST BRANCH POINT. example

b. IF THERE IS BRANCHING AN EQUAL DISTANCE FROM BOTH ENDS, BEGIN NUMBERING AT THE END NEARER THE SECOND BRANCH. example

3. a. IDENTIFY AND NUMBER SUBSTITUENTS example

b. IF TWO SUBSTITUENTS ON SAME CARBON, ASSIGN BOTH OF THEM THE SAME NUMBER. example

c. IF TWO (OR MORE) IDENTICAL SUBSTITUENTS, COMBINE AND USE PREFIX: DI, TRI, TETRA, PENTA. example

4. WRITE NAME AS A SINGLE WORD.

a. SEPARATE NUMBERS FROM NUMBERS WITH COMMAS.

b. SEPARATE NUMBERS FROM LETTERS WITH HYPHENS.

c. CITE SUBSTITUENTS ALPHABETICALLY: HOWEVER DO NOT USE DI, TRI, TETRA, s-, t-. example, example, example, example, example, example