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- Computer networking: Quality of Service routing problems such as multi-constrained unicast and multicast routing.
- Telecommunications: Topology design and other various optimization problems arising in computer and telecommunication network areas.
- Neural networks: Recurrent networks such as Hopfield-type networks used for solving combinatorial optimization problems (TSP, N-Queen, Knight's tour, etc.).
- Evolutionary computing: ANT colony algorithm used for solving combinatorial optimization problem.